Topographic mapping is a branch of cartography that involves the creation of detailed and accurate representations of the Earth's surface, focusing on its topography or physical features such as hills, valleys, rivers, and mountains. This type of mapping uses a variety of tools and techniques, including satellite imagery, aerial photography, and ground surveys, to capture and depict the three-dimensional characteristics of the terrain. Topographic maps are essential for a wide range of applications, including urban planning, land use management, disaster management, and environmental monitoring. They provide valuable information for navigation, route planning, and infrastructure development.